Neurotherapy, also known as EEG biofeedback, is a type of therapy that trains individuals to regulate their brainwave activity. It involves real-time monitoring of brain function through electroencephalography (EEG), which measures electrical patterns in the brain. By providing visual or auditory feedback on brainwave activity, patients can learn to modulate and optimise their brain function. Neurofeedback is often used as a treatment for a variety of mental health conditions, such as ADHD, anxiety, depression, and PTSD.
Neurofeedback: An Efficacious Treatment for Behavioural Health
Electrodes are placed on the scalp to measure brainwave frequencies in different regions of the brain. These frequencies are categorised into different types of brainwaves: delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma. Each type is associated with different mental states (e.g., focus, relaxation, and sleep).
During a session, the brain’s electrical activity is displayed on a screen, often in the form of graphs, video games, or other visual/auditory stimuli. The patient receives immediate feedback on their brainwave patterns. For example, if the brain produces the desired brainwaves (such as those associated with relaxation or focus), the feedback may trigger positive reinforcement, such as a sound or a reward in a video game.
Through repeated sessions, individuals learn to control and regulate their brainwaves. Over time, this helps them develop healthier brainwave patterns that can improve emotional regulation, concentration, and other mental functions. Essentially, neurofeedback trains the brain to self-regulate, promoting long-term changes in behaviour and cognition.
Multiple studies have shown that neurofeedback can significantly reduce core symptoms of ADHD, such as inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. A meta- analysis published in European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (2014) concluded that neurofeedback has a large and lasting effect on attention and a moderate effect on hyperactivity/impulsivity. A systematic review of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) published between 1995 and 2021 analysed 67 RCTs and found that neurofeedback can be effective in reducing ADHD symptoms in children and adolescents. The review highlighted that certain neurofeedback protocols, such as theta/beta ratio (TBR) training and slow cortical potential (SCP) training, have received substantial support for their efficacy in treating ADHD.
A 2017 study published in NeuroImage found that neurofeedback training targeting the regulation of the amygdala (the brain region involved in processing fear and emotions) can reduce symptoms of anxiety. Other studies have shown that neurofeedback improves emotional regulation and reduces depressive symptoms by normalising brainwave activity.
A study published in Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback (2016) reported that veterans with PTSD experienced significant reductions in symptoms after undergoing neurofeedback training. The treatment helped to normalise hyperarousal and improve emotional regulation, leading to better coping and reduced trauma-related distress. A systematic review and meta- analysis published in 2024 assessed the impact of neurofeedback on PTSD symptoms. The analysis included studies utilising various neurofeedback modalities, including EEG and fMRI-guided neurofeedback. The findings indicated that neurofeedback, when combined with psychotherapy and/or pharmacotherapy, led to clinically meaningful reductions in PTSD symptoms, with effects persisting at follow-up assessments.
Regulating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder symptoms with neurofeedback: Regaining control of the mind
A randomized, controlled trial of alpha-rhythm EEG neurofeedback in posttraumatic stress disorder
Different Traumas — Ruth Lanius, 𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙉𝙚𝙪𝙧𝙤𝙛𝙚𝙚𝙙 𝙋𝙤𝙙𝙘𝙖𝙨𝙩, Session 14
Research from Journal of Neurotherapy (2003) demonstrated that neurofeedback can improve sleep onset and quality in patients with insomnia by promoting healthier brainwave activity during sleep cycles.
Neurotherapy (NFB) is a promising therapeutic intervention that promotes better self-regulation of brain activity, leading to improvements in mental health, cognitive function, and emotional well-being. Its non-invasive nature and potential for long-lasting benefits make it a valuable tool for treating conditions like ADHD, anxiety, depression, PTSD, and sleep disorders.
For further details in relation to neurofeedback and training programs please visit the BCIA-A website.
Sunelle aims for children and adults to enjoy a positive and fun experience during their Neurofeedback sessions.
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